Introduction to Family Law in British Columbia

Welcome to Family Law Basics. This page offers a quick introduction to the court system and the laws and principles of family law in British Columbia. It's written in easy-to-understand language and is meant for people who have never had to deal with the court system before and for people who are new to Canada.

This page is meant to be read as a whole, from start to finish. The main sections of this website, listed in the menu to the right, go into each subject in a lot more detail. When you're done with this page, the chapter The Legal System has a more complete introduction to family law and the court process in BC.

This chapter contains an introduction to family law and an overview of common family law problems, the laws that deal with family law problems, and the courts that deal with family law problems. It talks about the law on:

• the care of children
• child support
• spousal support
• the division of property
• separation and divorce
• family law agreements

Introduction

When a couple breaks up, they sometimes have to decide how property should be divided, how a child will be cared for, and whether someone needs some extra money to help pay the bills. Family law, also called divorce law, is the area of the law that deals with problems like these.

To understand how family law works in British Columbia, you need to have a basic understanding of the court system, the laws about family law problems, and the way the courts apply those laws when a couple can't agree about something. Since it isn't always necessary to go to court when there's a problem, you also need to know about negotiation and mediation. These are the most common ways that people solve their problems without the help of a judge.

Family law problems are solved in one of two ways: the couple negotiates with each other and comes up with a solution that they both agree to; or, the couple can't agree and they have to go to court to have a judge come up with a solution. Going to court means that one or both people have to start a court proceeding. (Court proceedings are also known as lawsuits, claims or actions.) Going to court is called litigation; trying to come up with an agreement without going to court is called negotiation.

There are two courts that handle almost all family law litigation in British Columbia: the Provincial (Family) Court and the Supreme Court. Each court has their own rules, their own forms and their own process.

There are two main laws that apply to family law problems. A law, in this sense of the word, means a rule made by the government. These laws are the federal Divorce Act and the provincial Family Law Act. Each law deals with different issues, although they share a lot of issues in common. For some couples, both laws will apply; for others, only one of these laws will apply, probably the Family Law Act.

You don't have to go to court, no matter how bad your problem is. The only times you must go to court are when:

1. you need a divorce;
2. someone is threatening to do something serious, like taking the children away;
3. there is a risk of violence;
4. someone is threatening to hide property or money; or,
5. you just can't agree about how to fix the problem no matter how hard you try.

If you don't have to deal with one or more of these issues, you can always try to negotiate a way of fixing the problem, to find a solution that you both agree with. Couples who need help negotiating sometimes hire someone else to help, someone who is usually a stranger to them, called a mediator. Mediators help to guide the negotiation process and encourage people to see different ways of solving the problem.

Lawyers who mediate family law problems are called family law mediators, and have special training in mediation apart from their training as lawyers. Because there are no rules about who can and who can't call themselves a mediator, you should look carefully at the mediator's credentials before agreeing to use that person as your mediator.

Further Reading:

• The Legal System
• Alternatives to Court
• Children > Parenting After Separation

Common Family Law Problems

Couples who aren't married, couples who live together, and couples who are married can all have family law problems when their relationships end. Family law affects same-sex couples in exactly the same way that it affects opposite-sex couples.

The sorts of problems a couple can have when their relationship ends include deciding how the children will be cared for, whether support should be paid, and who will keep what property.

Family law problems about children are:

1. custody and parenting time, which include deciding where the children will live for most of the time;
2. custody and parental responsibilities, which include deciding how the parents will make decisions about important things in the children's lives, about issues like health care and education; and,
3. parenting time, contact and access, which are about deciding how much time each parent will have with the children.

Support means money that one person pays another to help with that person's expenses:

1. child support is money that is paid to help with expenses for with the children, like small school fees, clothing and food; and,
2. spousal support is money that is paid to help with a person's day-to-day living expenses, like rent, the phone bill and the hydro bill, and sometimes to compensate a person for the financial decisions made during the relationship.

When a couple have property, sometimes including when only one person has property, they have to decide if and how that property will be shared between them. In family law, the property married spouses and unmarried spouses share is called family property. Family property can include things like houses, bank accounts and cars. It can also include RRSPs and pensions.

Sometimes a couple also has to decide who will take responsibility for debts. Generally, only the debts that accumulated during a relationship will be shared between married spouses and unmarried spouses.

Married spouses also have to decide about whether they want to get divorced. Divorce is the legal end of a marriage, and only a judge can make you divorced. Most married spouses whose relationship has ended want to get divorced, but it's usually a low priority. Couples who aren't married, including unmarried spouses, never need to get divorced.

All of these family law problems will be discussed in more detail later on.

As you can see, the sorts of family law problems a couple can have sometimes depends on what their relationship was like. In family law, there are three types of relationship:

1. Unmarried Couples: An unmarried couple probably think of themselves as boyfriend and girlfriend. They may have lived together, but not for too long. Sometimes an unmarried couple involved in a family law problem will have been together only for a very short while... perhaps just long enough to make a baby.
2. Unmarried Spouses: Unmarried spouses are not legally married. Unmarried spouses have lived together in a loving relationship, and, for most purposes of the Family Law Act, must have lived together for at least two years or for less than two years if the spouses have had a child together.
3. Married Spouses: Married spouses have been legally married, by a marriage commissioner or a religious official licenced to perform marriages, and their marriage has been registered with the government where they were married.

Further Reading:

• Children
• Child Support
• Spousal Support
• Family Assets
• Marriage & Divorce > Marriage
• Unmarried Couples

The Courts

There are three levels of court in British Columbia: the Provincial Court, the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal is the highest court in the province and the Provincial Court is the lowest. Most family law litigation happens in the Provincial Court and the Supreme Court.

The branch of the Provincial Court that deals with family law is called the Provincial (Family) Court. Other branches of the Provincial Court include the Provincial (Youth) Court and the Provincial (Small Claims) Court. Family court can deal with:

1. guardianship under the Family Law Act;
2. parental responsibilities, parenting time and contact under the Family Law Act;
3. child support;
4. spousal support; and,
5. orders protecting people.

The Supreme Court can deal with all family law problems. On top of issues about the care of children, child support and spousal support, this court can also deal with:

1. divorce;
2. custody and access under the Divorce Act;
3. dividing family property and family debt; and,
4. orders protecting property.

This chart shows which court can deal with which problem:

CHART

To get to court, you must start a court proceeding and tell the court what you want. In the Provincial Court, proceedings are started with a court form called an Application to Obtain an Order. In the Supreme Court, the court form is called a Notice of Family Claim. In the Provincial Court, the person who starts a court proceeding is called the Applicant; in the Supreme Court, this person is the Claimant.

Once a court proceeding has started, the other person can answer the claims being made and make new claims. In the Provincial Court, this answer is called a Reply. In the Supreme Court, two court forms can be used: a Response to Family Claim and a Counterclaim. In the Provincial Court and in the Supreme Court, the person answering a court proceeding is called the Respondent.

Applicants and Respondents (in the Provincial Court), and Claimants and Respondents (in the Supreme Court), are called the parties to the court proceeding.

After the Respondent has filed a reply to the claim, both parties can ask the court to make an order about some or all of the issues the raised in the court proceeding. An order is a decision of a judge that requires someone to do something or not do something. For example, a court can make an order that a child live mostly with one party, an order that one party not harass the other, or an order that one party have the family car.

Orders can be made by consent, which means that they are made with the agreement of both people. If the couple can't agree on the terms of the order, they must go to a hearing before a judge and have the judge make an order. There are two types of order: an interim order, which is any order made before trial; and, a final order, which is an order made at the end of a trial. A trial is the final hearing before the judge that concludes the court proceeding.

If you don't like the order you get from a judge, you can challenge the order before a higher level of court in a court proceeding called an appeal. An order of the Provincial Court is appealed to the Supreme Court. An order of the Supreme Court is appealed to the Court of Appeal. You cannot appeal an order that you agreed to.

Over time, the terms of an order may need to be changed. If there has been a serious change in your circumstances or in the circumstances of the children since an order was made, you can go back to court and ask that the order be changed to suit the new circumstances. This is called varying an order.

Further Reading:

• The Legal System
• The Legal System > The Courts
• The Legal System > Starting an Action
• The Legal System > Defending an Action
• The Legal System > Interim Applications

The Laws

There are two kinds of law: laws made by the governments, called legislation, statutes or acts; and, laws made by the courts. Laws made by the courts are known as the common law, precedent decisions or case law. They come from the different law suits that the courts have heard over hundreds of years, and the decisions the courts made in those different court proceedings.

Legislation is made by the federal government and the provincial government. The two pieces of legislation that are the most important for family law in British Columbia are the federal Divorce Act and the provincial Family Law Act. Each piece of legislation deals with different family law problems and applies to different kinds of relationships.

The Divorce Act only applies to people who are married or who used to be married to each other. It deals with:

1. divorce;
2. custody;
3. access;
4. child support; and,
5. spousal support.

The Family Law Act applies to married spouses, unmarried spouses, and couples who are neither married spouses nor unmarried spouses and are perhaps just dating. This law deals with:

1. guardianship;
2. parental responsibilities and parenting time;
3. contact;
4. child support;
5. spousal support;
6. dividing family property and family debt;
7. orders protecting people; and,
8. orders protecting property.

Unmarried couples can only use the Family Law Act to ask for orders about the care of children, child support and orders protecting people. Married spouses and unmarried spouses can use the act to ask for orders about the care of children, child support and orders protecting people, as well as orders about spousal support, property and debt, and orders protecting property.

The Supreme Court can make orders under both the Divorce Act and the Family Law Act. The Provincial Court can only make orders under the parts of the Family Law Act that don't deal with property.

This chart shows which law deals with which issue:

CHART

There is a bunch of other legislation that deals with family law problems, such as the Adoption Act (which deals with adoption), the Name Act (which deals with changing your name and your children's names), the Land Title Act (which has to do with land and houses), and the Vital Statistics Act (which has to do with registering births, deaths, marriages and divorces). The most important of these other laws is the Child Support Guidelines.

The Child Support Guidelines sets out the rules about how much child support should be paid according to the income of the person paying child support and the number of children child support is being paid for. For most people, the amount that should be paid is set out in a table at the end of the Guidelines. The Guidelines also sets out the rules about when child support can be paid in an amount different than what the tables say should be paid.

Further Reading:

• The Legal System
• The Legal System > The Law
• Legislation
• Child Support > The Guidelines

The Care and Control of Children

There are three things that parents must decide when their relationship ends: where the children will mostly live; how the parents will make decisions about the important events in the children's lives; and, how much time each parent will have with the children.

Custody sort of means where the children will live most of the time. Parents can share custody, called joint custody, or only one parent can have custody, called sole custody. Whether the parents have joint custody or sole custody has very little to do with how much time they each have with the children. Because of this, "custody" doesn't mean very much when both parents are in their children's lives.

Guardianship is all about parenting. It is about making decisions about where the children go to school, how they are treated when they get sick, whether they will play sports or take music lessons, and about the children's religion. Both parents can have joint guardianship or one parent can have sole guardianship. A parent with sole guardianship does not need to ask the other parent about these important decisions. When the parents have joint guardianship they must talk to each other and work together to make decisions about the children.

In many ways, guardianship is a lot more important than custody, since guardianship is all about raising the children. Guardianship is about parenting.

Access is the amount of time that each parent has with the children. Usually, access refers to the time that the parent with the least amount of time with the children has with the children. Any sort of access is possible. The children's time can be shared equally between the parents; a parent can have the children every other weekend; a parent can have the children for three days every week. Whatever arrangement you can think of, you can have. Access is also called parenting time, a parenting schedule or a parent's time with the children.

When the court must decided about custody, guardianship or access, the most important thing for the court is making a decision that is in the best interests of the children. The court isn't interested in what the parents want for themselves; the court is interested in how what a parent wants is or isn't in the best interests of the children.

Further Reading

Children > Custody Children > Guardianship Children > Access Back to the top of this chapter.

VI. Child Support

Child support is normally paid by the parent who has the children for the least amount of time to the parent who has the children for the most amount of time. Child support is paid to help with the children's day-to-day living expenses, and covers a lot of things, from new clothes to school supplies to the children's share of the rent. Child support is not a fee a parent must pay to see the children. Child support has nothing to do with custody, guardianship or access, or whether a parent is a good parent or a bad parent.

Child support is almost always paid every month in the amount set out in the Child Support Guidelines. A parent's duty to pay child support does not end until the child turns 19. It can last longer than that if a child has an illness or disability that prevents the child from earning a living, or if the child is going to university or college full-time.

Normally a parent pays the exact amount of child support the Guidelines tables say should be paid. A parent can pay a smaller amount where the children's time is shared almost equally between the parents or when paying the amount required by the Guidelines would cause serious financial hardship.

The basic amount of child support is intended to cover most of the children's expenses. Some expenses, called extraordinary expenses, are not covered in this basic amount. Typically, extraordinary expenses are expenses like daycare and orthodontics — big, important expenses that most but not all children need.

Where the children have extraordinary expenses, the parents contribute to those expense in proportion to their incomes. For example, if one parent earns $30,000 per year and the other earns $20,000, the first parent would have to pay 60% of an extraordinary expense and the other would have to pay 40%.

The chapter Child Support > The Guidelines has calculators for child support and sharing children's extraordinary expenses.

Further Reading

Child Support Child Support > The Guidelines Back to the top of this chapter.

VII. Spousal Support

Spousal support is not paid just because a couple were married in a common-law relationship. Spousal support is only paid where a person is in financial need or deserves compensation because of:

financial decisions made during the relationship; or, the financial consequences of the end of the relationship. Financial decisions during a relationship can cause someone to be entitled to compensation if the couple decided that one of them should quit work and stay at home to raise the children and be a homemaker. Someone who stays at home may have to leave a job or a career, and it can be very difficult to return to work after being out of the workforce, particularly when the relationship was long and there is no career to return to.

The end of a relationship can cause someone to need financial help. After a couple separate, the same amount of income they had during the relationship now has to pay for two rent bills, two hydro bills and two grocery bills. When the couple were together, however, their combined incomes only had to pay for one rent bill, one hydro bill and one phone bill.

Spousal support is usually paid every month. The amount of spousal support that should be paid is usually an amount that the person with more money can afford to pay, with the money left over after that person's basic living expenses have been paid.

When a relationship was very long or the couple are older, spousal support can be paid for ever. When the couple is younger, spousal support is usually only paid for a specific amount of time. This is because the person getting support has an obligation to try to become financially independent from the person paying support.

The amount of spousal support that should be paid and the length of time support should be paid can also be calculated using the Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines. The Advisory Guidelines uses two formulas, one for when a couple has children and one for when they don't, that calculate how much support should be paid according to the length of the relationship and each party's annual income. There are three very important things to know about the Advisory Guidelines:

The Advisory Guidelines is not a law and there is no rule saying that the Advisory Guidelines formulas must be used. Despite this, lawyers and the court use the Advisory Guidelines almost all the time when spousal support is going to be paid. The Advisory Guidelines is only used when some is proven to be entitled to receive support; if there is no entitlement the Advisory Guidelines don't apply. The formulas the Advisory Guidelines describes are very complicated. In particular, the formulas that are used when a couple has children cannot be done without a computer program. Only people who were married or in a common-law relationship can ask for spousal support. Common-law couples must ask for spousal support within one year of the date they separated; married couples can ask for support at any time after they have separated.

Further Reading

Spousal Support Spousal Support > The Advisory Guidelines Back to the top of this chapter.

VIII. Dividing Family Property

Married people are presumed to have a one-half interest in everything that is a family asset, regardless of who bought it or when it was bought. A family asset is any asset that was normally used by the family, such as the family home, the car, the couple's bank accounts and so forth. Family assets also include things like RRSPs and pensions.

Not all assets are family assets. Business assets, assets owned by a spouse's company, are not always family assets that can be shared. Other assets, like inheritances and court awards, are usually personal assets that are not divided.

A married person can sometimes be entitled to more than half of the family assets, especially if the marriage was really long and the person needs more help to be financially independent than spousal support will give. A married person can also be entitled to more than half of the family assets if the person brought most of those assets into the marriage and the marriage was short.

For married people, family assets are divided under the rules set out in the Family Relations Act. People who aren't married cannot use this law to divide their property. The rules in the act only apply to married couples. They do not apply to common-law couples or to other couples who are neither married nor common-law.

Unmarried couples, including common-law couples, who own something together are presumed to have equal interests in that thing. Unmarried couples can only get a share of property owned only by the other person under the rules of trust law. Trust law is very complicated, and unmarried couples almost never get the same share of the other person's property that they would have gotten if they were married.

Further Reading

Family Assets Family Assets > Dividing Assets Unmarried Couples > Common-Law Relationships Back to the top of this chapter.

IX. Separation and Divorce

You do not need a legal document in order to separate, and you don't need to see a lawyer or a judge to separate. You just leave the relationship or announce that it's over. There is no such thing as a "legal separation" in British Columbia.

For unmarried and common-law couples, their relationship is over the moment they separate. That's it, it's done! There is no such thing as a "common-law marriage," and common-law couples do not need to get divorced.

For a marriage to end, however, a married couple must divorce, and that means they must get a court order saying that they are are divorced. A married couple can be separated for many years but still be married if they haven't gotten a divorce order.

Sometimes married people don't get around to getting a divorce for many, many years. That's fine. The only thing a separated married person can't do that an unmarried person can do is marry again. Separated married people can date someone else, live with someone else, be in a common-law relationship with someone else, have property in their own name, have bank accounts and credit cards in their own name and so on.

There are three reasons why a court will make a divorce order:

the couple have separated and have stayed separated for more than one year; one spouse has had sex with someone other than his or her spouse, called adultery; or, one spouse has been verbally, emotionally or physically abusive to his or her spouse, which is what the Divorce Act means by cruelty. To get a divorce order, you have to start a law suit. You don't have to ask the court for anything else except a divorce. When a couple agrees to get a divorce, they can get a divorce using the do-it-yourself desk order divorce process, and they won't have to go in front of a judge ever.

Further Reading

Marriage & Divorce > Separation Unmarried Couples Marriage & Divorce > Separating Emotionally Marriage & Divorce > Divorce Back to the top of this chapter.

X. Family Law Agreements

A family law agreement is a contract, like the contract you might have with your landlord, your employer, or the contract you might have if you lease a car. There are three kinds of agreement a couple can make in family law:

Cohabitation agreements, agreements that a couple make when they are living together or plan to living together. Marriage agreements, which a couple may want if they are going to be getting married. Separation agreements, which a married or common-law couple might make after their relationship ends. Cohabitation agreements and marriage agreements are for couples who are just starting a relationship. These sorts of agreements can talk about how the relationship will be managed (who will pay the bills, will there be a joint bank account or a joint credit card, or who will do what parts of the housework), but most often they talk about what will happen if the relationship ends. These agreements are usually meant to stop a couple from fighting after a relationship ends by setting out who will get what right from the start.

The law does not require that a couple make a cohabitation agreement or a marriage agreement when they start to live together or marry. You do not have to sign an agreement if you don't want to.

Cohabitation agreements and marriage agreements aren't for everyone. People who are bringing a lot of property, money or children into a relationship may want a cohabitation agreement or a marriage agreement. People who don't have property or children, are young, and expect to have a long-term relationship usually don't need an agreement.

Separation agreements are made after a relationship has ended. They set out how a couple have agreed to deal with things like the care of children, child support and spousal support, and how the family assets will be shared. Separation agreements don't have to cover all the family law problems a couple has. They can deal with just some of those problems and leave the rest for the court to decide.

Normally a couple talk together about the problems and negotiate an agreement that they are both happy with. It is very rare for just one person to make the separation agreement without talking to the other person. You do not have to sign a separation agreement if you don't want to.

No matter what kind of family law agreement you have signed, you both expect that each of you will follow the agreement, and that the court will enforce the agreement if you don't follow the agreement. The court will generally respect an agreement that a couple willingly signed, as long as the agreement was fair and neither person misled the other person about something important, like money or property.

Further Reading

Family Agreements Alternatives to Court Back to the top of this chapter.

XI. Information for People who are New to Canada

In Canada, men and women have exactly the same rights. There is no difference between the rights a man has and the rights that a women has, whether they are married to each other or not. Men do not have the right to control women or tell them what they may and may not do, even if a couple are married.

Our courts are open to everybody who lives in Canada, not to poeple who have Canadian citizenship. People who are new to Canada can make a claim in court, regardless of their citizenship status, and regardless of whether they are a landed immigrant or not.

There is no law that requires someone who is unhappy in a marriage to stay in that marriage. If someone wants to leave a relationship, he or she can, and that person does not need the permission or agreement of the other spouse to leave.

In Canada, there is no requirement for either dowry or dower to be paid when a couple marries. Even if a religion requires such a payment, the religious duty is not legally binding in Canada.

While arranged marriages are fairly common, the parties must agree to the marriage of their own free will. There is no law that allows someone to be forced to marry someone else. An agreement between relatives about the marriage is not legally binding on the people who are supposed to be married.

When one spouse sponsors another spouse to come to Canada, that person will usually sign a "sponsorship agreement" with the government. That agreement requires the sponsor to support the person coming to Canada, whether they stay married or separate or divorce. This agreement is only binding between the sponsor and the government. If the person coming to Canada needs spousal support, for example, he or she will have ask the court for an order that spousal support be paid.

Separation does not automatically mean that someone new to Canada will have to leave the country. People who are permanent residents, for example, will be allowed to stay, regardless of what is happening in their relationship with their sponsors. You should, however, speak to an immigration lawyer just to be sure.

In Canada you must have a court order to divorce and legally end a marriage. Religious divorces are not recognized in Canada. The decisions of religious tribunals about how a separated couple will share their assets or manage the care and control of their children are not recognized in British Columbia.

Further Reading

Other Family Law Issues