Difference between revisions of "Starting a Court Proceeding in a Family Matter"

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* [[Starting and Responding to Supreme Court Family Law Proceedings|BC Supreme Court Family Law Proceedings]], or
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* [[Starting and Responding to Provincial Court Family Law Proceedings|Provincial Court Family Law Proceedings]]
 
If you need the court to make an order about anything, from the care of children to the payment of spousal support to the division of property, or even just an order for your divorce, you must start a court proceeding. Your court proceeding will end with a trial, if you can't settle your legal problem first, after which the judge will make an order... hopefully the order you want the judge to make. There are certain steps you must take, certain fees you must pay, and certain forms you must fill out before you get to your trial. Although the staff at the court registries are friendly and do their best to be helpful, they cannot provide legal advice, fill out forms for you or tell you how to manage your court proceeding. It is ''your'' job to prepare these materials, gather the evidence you need, and take the other steps necessary to bring your proceeding to a judge at trial.
 
This section describes basic elements of the Provincial Court process, but please refer to the resources on Legal Aid BC's Family Law website and the links posted at the end of this section. This section deals with the processes for starting a proceeding in the Supreme Court. For a more complete picture of the court process, you should read this section together with the section on [[Responding to a Court Proceeding in a Family Matter]].
 
 
==The Provincial Court==
The BC Provincial Court operates in approximately 84 locations around the province. Half of these locations operate part-time only, and are unstaffed the rest of the time. The other half operate in courthouses that are staffed and have their own court registries. (Registry staff are the people who deal with the paperwork, scheduling, etc.)
 
Before you start a proceeding in Provincial Court, you have to determine which registry to use. If an existing case has already been started involving the same parties, then you have to use the registry where that case is located. If there’s no existing case and kids are involved, then you have to use the registry closest to where the kids live most of the time; if no kids are involved, then you use the registry closest to the residence of the person who first files a court document under the Provincial Court Rules. 
 
After you’ve determined which registry to use, find out what kind of registry it is. In BC, we have three types of registries:  
#The “Early Resolution” registries;
#*Surrey 
#*Victoria 
#“Family Justice” registries 
#*Kelowna 
#*Nanaimo
#*Vancouver (Robson Square) 
# All other BC Provincial Court registries are “Parenting Program” registries 
 
There are different steps involved in starting a Provincial Court proceeding depending on the registry. We’ll go through those now.
 
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===Early Resolution Registries===
 
''Early Resolution Registries'' offer a new process for handling family law disputes. These registries require different steps compared to traditional registries. So far, Surrey and Victoria are the only Early Resolution Registries, although the BC government has indicated they may add more locations.
 
The Early Resolution process, sometimes referred to as the ''Early Resolution and Case Management process'', is intended to encourage parties to resolve family disputes by agreement, or if that's not possible, to help them obtain fair decisions in Provincial Court in a timely manner. 
 
The Early Resolution process is unique in British Columbia, and different from the traditional approach laid out in the Provincial Court Family Rules. That said, the forms used in these registries are all from the same source. As of May 17, 2021, all Provincial Court Locations, including the Early Resolution Registries, use the [[Provincial Court Forms (Family Law)|forms listed in the Provincial Court Family Rules]]. 
 
'''Use the Early Resolution registries in Victoria or Surrey if:''' 
* there is already a case started at that registry involving the same parties, 
* your family law case involves a child-related issue, and the child lives closest to the Victoria or Surrey registry most of the time, or 
* your family law case does not involve a child-related issue, and you live closest to the Victoria or Surrey registry most of the time. 
 
The Early Resolution process is only for claims under the ''[[Family Law Act]]''. It is not for child protection matters, and it is not used for claims brought by the Ministry of Children and Family Development or a Delegated Aboriginal Agency.
 
====Starting a case in an Early Resolution Registry====
The Early Resolution process is designed to encourage parties to resolve family disputes by agreement or to help them move their case along to a quicker resolution. 
 
If you have a dispute about a family law matter, including child support, spousal support, parenting arrangements, contact, or guardianship, you will start by filing a form called the [[PCFR Form 1 Notice to Resolve a Family Law Matter|Notice to Resolve a Family Law Matter]] at the Victoria or Surrey registry, and by giving the other party a copy. 
 
You will then be directed to the [https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/helpmap/service/1019 Justice Access Centre (JAC)] to make an appointment for your individual needs assessment. 
 
At the needs assessment, a family justice counsellor will provide you with information about your options, about the court process, and about how to access legal advice and other resources. They will make an assessment about whether consensual dispute resolution is appropriate for you. This means they will consider whether there are:
*power imbalances between you and your ex
*safety or family violence issues, or
*language barriers.
The family justice counsellor will also consider the nature of the issues to be resolved, your and your ex's ability to participate, and if accommodations can be made to facilitate participation. 
 
If you have children, you will be required to complete the [https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/question/commonquestion/1010 Parenting After Separation program], unless you have completed it within the last two years or meet one of the few exemptions. 
 
If it is appropriate, you and the other party will participate in at least one consensual dispute resolution session to mediate your issues. 
 
When issues are resolved during early resolution, you can formalize your agreements by written agreement or consent order. 
 
====Replying to a Family Law Matter in an Early Resolution Registry====
 
If you are served with a Notice to Resolve a Family Law Matter filed at the Victoria or Surrey registry, you'll have to complete three steps before you can file your Reply to an Application About a Family Law Matter. Those three steps are: 
 
If you are served with a Notice to Resolve a Family Law Matter filed at the Victoria or Surrey registry, you'll have to complete three steps before you can file your reply to an application about a family law matter. Those three steps are: 
# '''Needs Assessment''': You will participate in a needs assessment through the Justice Access Centre where a family justice counsellor will teach you about the court process, and about how to access legal advice and other resources. They will make an assessment about whether consensual dispute resolution is appropriate for you, taking into consideration whether there are power imbalances, issues of safety or family violence, or language barriers, and also taking into consideration the nature of the issues to be resolved and the ability of the parties to participate, or accommodations that can be made to facilitate participation.
# '''Parenting After Separation Course''': If you have children, you will be required to complete the [https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/question/commonquestion/1010 Parenting After Separation program], unless you have completed it within the last two years or meet one of the few exemptions. 
# '''Consensual Dispute Resolution''': If it is appropriate, you and the other party will participate in at least one consensual dispute resolution session to mediate your issues. 
==== What happens when parties can't resolve issues during Early Resolution?====
If there are still some issues that need to be resolved and you need the Court's help, you then file a form called the [[PCFR Form 3 Application About a Family Law Matter|Application About a Family Law Matter]] with all your supporting documents and serve it on the other party or parties. 
 
When the other party has replied or the time for reply has passed, you can contact the Judicial Case Manager to schedule a Family Management Conference. At the Family Management Conference, you and the other party (or parties) will meet with a judge. The judge will work with you to see whether agreement can be reached on some or all of the issues. The judge can make an interim order or a final order by consent. 
 
If there are still issues to resolve, the judge can make case management orders to ensure the matter is ready for trial if one is needed. The usual process in Provincial Court for case conferences, trial preparation, trials, and enforcement of Family Maintenance matters still applies if your issues have not been fully resolved. 
 
====What else do I need to know about the Early Resolution process?====
The Early Resolution process also includes rules for applications about: 
* protection orders
* enforcement of existing orders
* giving, refusing, or withdrawing consent to medical, dental, or other health-related treatments for a child, if delay will result in risk to the health of the child
* applying for a passport, licence, permit, benefit, privilege, or other thing for the child, if delay will result in risk of harm to the child's physical, psychological, or emotional safety, security, or well-being
* relocation of a child
* preventing the removal of a child from a certain location 
* determining matters relating to interjurisdictional issues 
 
Parties involved in these matters will file and serve an application and proceed to a hearing without having to participate in the early resolution processes. If the parties have one of these types of matters and an early resolution family law matter, they can go through court to get the one issue resolved and proceed through early resolution and case management on the other issues. The model recognizes that protection orders and some parenting matters are urgent and need to proceed directly to court. 
 
To read more about the Early Resolution process in Victoria and Surrey see the [https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/4843 BC Ministry of Attorney General's website], which also makes available a brochure with a simplified process map. 
 
===Family Justice Registries===
If your family law dispute is in Kelowna, Nanaimo, or Vancouver (Robson Square), the provincial court registries in those locations fall under the Family Justice registry model. 
 
To start a proceeding in a Family Justice registry, you file specific forms based on what you’re asking a judge to ultimately decide. Some of the most common things people ask for are:
*guardianship
*parenting responsibilities
*decision-making authority
*parenting time (sometimes called ''custody'', though Canadian courts don’t use that word anymore)
*contact (visitation rights of a person who is not a child's guardian)
*child support and special expenses, and
*spousal support
There are also conduct orders which can help parties set boundaries to assist them in working towards resolution, and there are protection orders, which follow a different process due to their often-urgent nature.   
 
====What form do I file?====
=====Family Law Matters=====
If you're using a Family Justice Registry, the next step is to determine what you're asking a judge to decide, and see if it qualifies as a ''Family Law Matter''. The following are considered Family Law Matters:
*parenting arrangements
*child support
*contact with a child
*guardianship of a child, or
*spousal support
In these cases you will start by filing an [[PCFR Form 3 Application About a Family Law Matter|Application About a Family Law Matter]] in Form 3 and delivering it by ''personal service'' to the other party. This means that someone other than you who is over 19 years old must serve the other party in person with a copy of the application and instructions from the registry on how to reply.
 
=====Applying for other orders=====
Start by figuring out what kind of order you need. That will determine the form you’ll have to file with the court. If your matter isn't captured by the definition of a "Family Law Matter", then you’ll have to file another type of form for orders other than family law matters. These include applications for:
*a case management order
*a protection order
*an order about a priority parenting matter
*an order about relocation, or  
*a consent order.
The rules for these kinds of orders are the same no matter what kind of registry you are in.
 
:'''Case Management Orders''': Case management orders are orders about a range of issues to help manage a case. The list is set out at section 62 of the ''Provincial Court Family Rules'', but a few examples include:
:*transferring a court file to another registry
:*accessing a court file
:*correcting or amending a filed document
:*waiving or changing requirements about serving someone with court documents you filed
:*applying to attend court by phone or video
:*adjourning court appearances, or
:*correcting an order made under the Provincial Court Family Rules. 
 
:To apply for a case management order, file an [[PCFR Form 10 Application for Case Management Order|Application for Case Management Order]] in Form 10, along with any supporting evidence or documents you have. You can also file an [[PCFR Form 11 Application for Case Management Order Without Notice or Attendance|Application for Case Management Order Without Notice or Attendance]] in Form 11 if no appearance before a judge is required. Check the instructions located in each of the forms, or see Provincial Court Family Rule 65 to determine whether an appearance is required, and which form you'll have to file. If a case management order is made without notice, you'll have to serve a copy of the order, the application, and any supporting evidence or documents, on the other party. 
 
:'''Protection Orders''': If you’re applying for a protection order and an order about a family law matter, you don’t have to follow the special steps set out for the Early Resolution Registries, the Family Justice Registries, or the Parenting Education Program Registries. 
 
:No matter the court registry you are in, if you have protection or safety concerns, you can apply to the court to go before a judge without letting the other party know first. It's up to the judge whether to hear your ''without notice'' application. Any without notice application will have to include reasons why the application should be heard without notice to the other side. File an [[PCFR Form 12 Application about a Protection Order|Application about a Protection Order]] in Form 12 to apply for a protection order along with an [[PCFR Form 11 Application for Case Management Order Without Notice or Attendance|Application for Case Management Order Without Notice or Attendance]] in Form 11 to apply without notice to the other party. 
:Once you speak to the judge about the protection order you’ve asked for and if the order is made, remember that a protection order expires either on the date the judge orders for it to end, or one year after the date it is made. You can apply for another protection order if you need to. 
 
:If you have safety concerns about family violence, you may want to talk to a support worker. [https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/helpmap/service/1055 VictimLinkBC] is a confidential, multilingual telephone service available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week at 1-800-563-0808. Victim services workers can provide crisis support, information and referrals to supports including safety planning, victim services, transition houses and counselling services. 
 
:'''Priority Parenting Matter''': Orders about priority parenting matters are decisions where a delay in obtaining a court’s decision would pose a risk to a child. These applications should be filed in rare circumstances, and only in situations listed in Form 15, [[PCFR Form 15 Application About a Priority Parenting Matter|Application About a Priority Parenting Matter]]. 
 
:In addition to Form 15 you’ll also have to file a Form 11 if you’re applying to waive or change the requirement to give seven days’ notice of the application to the other party.
 
:'''Relocation''': If you have a written and signed agreement or a court order about parenting time or contact and you receive written notice from the other parent saying the plan to relocate with the child, then you can apply to the court for an order prohibiting the relocation of the child using Form 16, [[PCFR Form 16 Application for Order Prohibiting the Relocation of a Child|Application for Order Prohibiting the Relocation of a Child]]. At least seven days before the court date listed on the application form, you’ll have to serve the Form 16 on the other party, along with a copy of the written agreement or court order about parenting time, and a copy of (or details about) the notice of relocation that you received. 
 
:If the other parent plans to relocate with your child and you do not have a written and signed agreement about parenting time or contact, you can apply for an order prohibiting relocation using the Application About a Priority Parenting Matter form, in Form 15, and you’ll have to serve that Form on the other parent at least seven days before the court date listed on the application form. 
 
:'''Consent Orders''': If you and the other party in your Family Law Matter have reached an agreement, you can ask the court to make an order, usually without going to court and arguing before a judge. A judge will still have to review the draft consent order that you file and, as long as they don’t have any questions or concerns about the orders you're asking for, they can make the order. 
 
:To obtain a consent order about a Family Law Matter, you’ll have to file an [[PCFR Form 17 Application for a Family Law Matter Consent Order|Application for a Family Law Matter Consent Order]] in Form 17, as well as a draft of the [[PCFR Form 18 Consent Order|Consent Order]] in Form 18 setting out what you have agreed on and the orders you’re asking the court to make. The draft Consent Order in Form 18 will have to be signed by all parties or their lawyers. 
 
:If a judge reviews your application and draft consent order and needs more information, they can ask for more evidence or information, which may mean that you must go to court and speak to a judge. It could also mean that a judge might make changes to the draft consent order and, if you and the other party agree to the changes, you can go to the registry at the courthouse and sign the changes. An application for a consent order can also be rejected. If that happens, the judge will provide their reasons for rejection. 
 
:In addition to applying for consent orders about a Family Law Matter, you can also file for a consent order related to one of the case management issues discussed above. This is done by by filing an [[PCFR Form 10 Application for Case Management Order|Application for Case Management Order]] in Form 10. If you specify in your Form 10 that you do not want a court appearance, you must also submit a draft of the [[PCFR Form 18 Consent Order|Consent Order]] in Form 18, signed by all concerned parties or their lawyers.
 
===Parenting Education Program Registry===
Starting a Provincial Court action in one of the Parenting Education Program Registries is the same as in a Family Justice Registry, however you do not have to participate in a needs assessment before you can schedule a Family Management Conference. 
 
You will still have to complete a parenting education program (such as Parenting After Separation) if children are involved, and you still have the option to participate in a needs assessment and consensual dispute resolution.
 
===The Parenting After Separation Program===
 
In certain registries of the Provincial Court, the parties to a court proceeding must meet with a family justice counsellor and, if children are involved, attend a [https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/4884 Parenting After Separation Course] before they can take any further steps in their case. This rule may apply even if you're asking for a default judgment or an order everyone agrees to, called a ''consent order''. The registry will tell you what is needed. If necessary, the registry will refer you to a family justice counsellor and tell you where the Parenting After Separation Course is offered.
 
Family justice counsellors can provide information that may help to resolve the court proceeding; they can also serve as mediators if all of the parties are prepared to try mediation.
 
The Parenting After Separation Program is very useful to take, and you should seriously consider taking the course even if it isn't required in your court registry. The program is available [https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/4884 online]. The online course does not replace the need to attend an in-person course if that's required. You will have to file a certificate that you've completed the program in court.
 
===Limitations of the Provincial Court===
 
The Provincial Court is built for people who are not represented by a lawyer. There are no filing fees in this court, in some ways the forms are easier to prepare, the rules of court are simplified, and the court registry will sometimes take care of things like drafting court orders. The main disadvantage of bringing your case to the Provincial Court is that the authority of the court is limited. The Provincial Court can only hear applications under the ''[[Family Law Act]]'' on certain subjects, including:
 
#guardianship;
#parental responsibilities and parenting time;
#contact with a child;
#child support;
#spousal support;
#protection orders; and,
#payment of household bills such as mortgage and utilities until trial or settlement.
 
The Provincial Court cannot hear any claims under the federal ''[[Divorce Act]]''. However, it also cannot hear claims for orders relating to the division of property and debt under the provincial ''Family Law Act''.
 
==The Supreme Court==
 
To start a proceeding in the Supreme Court, the main document you'll have to prepare is a ''Notice of Family Claim'' in Form F3, a special form prescribed by the [http://canlii.ca/t/8mcr Supreme Court Family Rules]. (This document is one of the basic legal documents in a court proceeding known as "pleadings.") This document says who you are suing and what you're suing them for.
 
Family law proceedings in the Supreme Court are governed by the [http://canlii.ca/t/8mcr Supreme Court Family Rules]. It's important that you have a working knowledge of the rules about how court proceedings are started. As your proceeding progresses, you'll also need to learn the rules about judicial case conferences, disclosure, interim applications, and trials. The main rules about Notices of Family Claim and the management of court proceedings in Supreme Court are:
 
*Rule 1-1: Definitions
*Rule 3-1: Starting a court proceeding
*Rule 4-1: Notices of Family Claim and service requirements
*Rule 4-3: Replying to a Notice of Family Claim
*Rule 5-1: Financial disclosure
*Rule 6-3: Personal service
*Rule 7-1: Judicial case conferences
*Part 9: Disclosure and discovery of documents
*Part 10: Interim applications and chambers procedure
*Rule 11-4: Discontinuing a court proceeding
*Part 13: Expert witnesses
*Rule 11-3: Summary trial procedure
*Rule 14-7: Trial procedure
*Rule 15-2.1: Guardianship orders
 
Links to and examples of the Notice of Family Claim and other court forms can be found in [[Supreme Court Forms (Family Law)|Supreme Court Forms and Examples]]. For a quick introduction to how to start a proceeding, see [[How Do I Start a Family Law Action in the Supreme Court?]]. It's located in the Helpful Guides & Common Questions part of this resource.
 
===Quick answers for common questions===
 
The following issues are addressed in the ''Starting an Action'' section in the Helpful Guides & Common Questions part of this resource:
 
* '''Can't pay your court fees:''' If you can't afford to pay court fees, you can apply to court to have those fees waived. This used to be called applying for ''indigent status'', but this term is no longer used. To find out more, see [[How Do I Waive Filing Fees in the Supreme Court?]]
* '''Personally serving someone:''' For a quick summary of what's involved in personal service, see [[How Do I Personally Serve Someone with Legal Documents?]]
* '''Can't personally serve the respondent:''' If it is impossible to personally serve the Notice of Family Claim on the respondent, you can ask the court to be allowed to use a substitute form of personal service. To find out what's involved, see [[How Do I Substitutionally Serve Someone with Legal Documents?]]
* '''Can't find your ex:''' If you're not sure where your ex lives in order to start a court proceeding, see [[How Do I Find My Ex?]]
* '''Need to change something in your Notice of Family Claim''': To find out what happens when you want to change something in your Notice of Family Claim, see [[How Do I Change Something in My Notice of Family Claim?]]
* '''Want to stop the court proceeding:''' To find out if you can stop a family law court proceeding in the Supreme Court once you've started it, see [[How Do I Stop a Family Law Action in the Supreme Court?]]
 
===Preparing, filing and serving the Notice of Family Claim===
{{LSSbadge
|resourcetype = guided pathway information on how to
|link        = [https://mylawbc.com/pathways/family-orders Get family orders]
}}The ''claimant'', the person starting the court proceeding, must fill out a ''Notice of Family Claim'' in Form F3 and file the claim in court to start a court proceeding. The Notice of Family Claim provides certain information, including:
 
#the claimant's name and address;
#the name and address of the person against whom the claim is made, the ''respondent'';
#the basic history of the parties' relationship;
#the names and birthdates of any children; and,
#a list of the orders the claimant would like the court to make.
 
The court form that must be used is set out in the Supreme Court Family Rules. This is a special form of claim used only in family law cases. Additional pages that require more detailed information must be added to the Notice of Family Claim when the claimant seeks orders about:
 
#divorce;
#the care of children and child support;
#spousal support;
#the division of property and debt; and,
#orders about other subjects, like orders for the protection of people or orders for the change of a person's name.
 
The Notice of Family Claim must be filed in the court registry and be personally served on the respondent. If you're asking for a divorce order, you'll have to fill out a Registration of Divorce Proceeding form when you file your Notice of Family Claim. It currently costs $200 to file a Notice of Family Claim, or $210 if the claim includes a claim for a divorce. When you file any document in Supreme Court, including the Notice of Family Claim, the registry will keep the original of the document. You will want to make and keep at least two additional copies, one for you to keep and one to give to the other party.
 
''Personal service'' means physically handing the Notice of Family Claim to the respondent. The ''[[Divorce Act]]'' and Rule 6-3(2) of the Supreme Court Family Rules say that a claimant cannot serve a respondent themselves. You must either pay a process server to do it or enlist the help of a friend over the age of majority. ''Don't use one of your children to serve your ex.''
 
===Deadline for reply===
 
The respondent has 30 days to file a ''Response to Family Claim'' after being served with your Notice of Family Claim.  If the respondent doesn't do this, you may be able to get the orders you asked for in your Notice of Family Claim as a ''default judgment'', a final order the court makes when the respondent doesn't file a Response to Family Claim.
 
You should be aware that judges can be fairly lenient towards people who miss filing deadlines. A claimant should not expect to win on a technicality like this. If a respondent files their Response to Family Claim late, the court will usually give the respondent an extension of time and overlook the missed due date. However, if the respondent just ignores you and ignores your claim, at some point the court will make the order you're asking for.
 
Sometimes a respondent will not reply to a Notice of Family Claim because they agree to the orders the claimant is asking for. This often happens when the claimant is just asking for a divorce. In a case like this, the court proceeding will qualify as an "undefended family law case" and you can apply for a default judgment under Rule 10-10 of the Supreme Court Rules. For more information about the do-it-yourself divorce process, see the [[Divorce and the Law on Getting Divorced]] section in the [[Separating and Getting Divorced]] chapter.
 
===The next steps===
 
If the respondent has chosen to file a Response to Family Claim, they have decided to oppose some or all of the orders you are asking for in your claim. This doesn't mean that you're necessarily going to wind up in a trial, but it does mean that, at least for now, the respondent disagrees at least some of the orders you're asking for. One of three things is going to happen in your court proceeding:
 
#you'll settle your disagreement out of court, and come up with either a ''separation agreement'' or an order that you both agree the court should make, called a ''consent order''.
#you'll not be able to agree, and the intervention of the court at a ''trial'' will be required; or,
#after some initial scuffles, neither you nor the respondent will take any further steps in the court proceeding and the proceeding will languish.
 
Hopefully, it'll be the first.
 
==Resources and links==
 
===Legislation===
 
* ''[http://canlii.ca/t/849w Provincial Court Act]''
* [http://canlii.ca/t/b8rn Provincial Court Family Rules]
* ''[http://canlii.ca/t/84d8 Supreme Court Act]''
* [http://canlii.ca/t/8mcr Supreme Court Family Rules]
* ''[http://canlii.ca/t/84h8 Court Rules Act]''
 
===Resources===
 
* [https://www.provincialcourt.bc.ca/types-of-cases/family-matters/chief-judge-practice-directions Provincial Court Family Practice Directions]
* [https://www.bccourts.ca/supreme_court/practice_and_procedure/family_practice_directions.aspx Supreme Court Family Practice Directions]
* [https://www.bccourts.ca/supreme_court/practice_and_procedure/administrative_notices.aspx Supreme Court Administrative Notices]
* [https://www.bccourts.ca/supreme_court/scheduling/ Supreme Court Trial Scheduling]
 
===Links===
 
* [https://www.provincialcourt.bc.ca/ Provincial Court website]
* [https://www.bccourts.ca/supreme_court/ Supreme Court website]
* [http://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/2268 Justice Education Society website for BC Supreme Court]
* BC Ministry of Attorney General: [https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/4884 Parenting After Separation Course]
* [https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/4640 Legal Aid BC's ''Family Law in BC'' website]
 
 
 
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