Owning a Condominium

This script explains several details about owning a condominium (or condo). For information on buying a condo, check script 407, called “Buying a Condominium”.

What is a condominium?

A condominium, or condo, is a strata lot in a strata development. A strata development is a building (or sometimes land) divided into separate parts, called strata lots. This allows for individual ownership of the strata lot. And all strata lot owners together own the common property in a development. Depending on the development, a strata lot may be a one-bedroom apartment, a townhouse, a retail store, a medical office, and so on. In a typical high-rise strata building, each unit is a separate strata lot. In this example, the strata scheme allows people or businesses to own their unit.

The words strata and condominium mean the same thing in British Columbia.

It’s not the size or shape of a development that makes it a condominium project. Instead, it’s the legal nature of it. If the development is legally created by a strata plan, it’s a condo project—whether it’s a 300-unit high-rise apartment, a 50-lot bare land strata recreational development, or a 2-unit strata duplex.

Common property and limited common property

Any property in the development that is not part of a strata lot is common property. In a condominium building, typical common property includes hallways, elevators, gardens, recreational amenities, garbage facilities, building security features, and the roof and exterior walls. In addition, some pipes, wires, cables and similar things that carry water and other services within the development may also be common property—even when they’re located in a strata lot. The strata corporation may make bylaws and rules to govern the use, safety and condition of the common property and common assets.

Strata lot owners automatically own a proportionate interest in the common property, together with all the other strata lot owners in the development. Under the Strata Property Act, strata lot owners own the common property in a type of co-ownership called tenancy in common. Each owner’s proportionate interest in the common property is set out in a table called the Schedule of Unit Entitlement (also called a Form V). Every owner can use the common property, as long as they follow the bylaws and rules of the strata development. For example, an owner may not use the common property or common assets in a way that causes a hazard to another person or is illegal.

Sometimes, common property may be set aside for the use of only certain people. The Strata Property Act allows a strata development to designate an area of common property for the exclusive use of one or more strata lots. This designation is called limited common property (or LCP). For example, in a high-rise strata apartment building, the strata plan may show that a strata lot’s balcony is LCP for that strata lot. This means that the balcony is common property, owned by all the strata lot owners as tenants in common. But the balcony is set aside for the exclusive use of that strata lot owner.

How a strata plan is created

To subdivide a building or land into strata lots and common property, a developer must file a document called a strata plan at the Land Title Office. Filing the strata plan also creates the strata corporation, whose members own the strata lots in the plan. Initially, the developer owns all the strata lots, but usually sells them to members of the public and other third parties.

Subdividing land instead of a building

The strata scheme may also subdivide land (instead of a building) into strata lots and common property. This is called a bare land strata development because it subdivided land instead of a building. Bare land strata subdivision is a very flexible tool. For example, a developer may create a recreational development where people build cottages on bare land strata lots. All the owners may use the common property in the project, including the roads, and recreational features such as hiking trails, tennis courts, and fitness facilities. Or, a developer may use a bare land strata development to create an industrial park or a manufactured home park or other similar developments.

What is a strata corporation and what does it do?

A strata corporation is automatically created when a developer files a strata plan at the Land Title Office. The strata corporation may buy services or goods, and sue or be sued. Also, the strata corporation oversees the common property and enforces the bylaws. The owners of the strata lots are the members of the strata corporation. The board of directors is called the strata council.

Only a strata corporation may assert a claim relating to the common elements and individual unit owners cannot sue anyone apart from the strata corporation in relation to common property.

The strata corporation must manage, repair, and maintain the common property and common assets. When a strata corporation itself owns an item, for example, a lawn mower, that item is a common asset.

There are detailed provisions regarding waiver of meetings, notice of mettings, agenda and resolutions at meetings, electronic attendance and voting. The strata corporation must hold at least one general meeting once a year, called the annual general meeting or AGM. At the AGM, members must approve an annual budget and elect a strata council, among other things.

Normally, if a strata development is entirely residential, each strata lot has one vote at a general meeting. In the rare case where the strata plan has been amended to subdivide a strata lot or to combine two or more strata lots, a strata lot may have a fraction of a vote or more than one vote. If so, a document called a schedule of voting rights (Form W) will be filed with the strata plan at the Land Title Office.

If a strata development is entirely non-residential, or it has both residential and non-residential strata lots, a Schedule of Voting Rights will set out the number of votes for each strata lot at a general meeting. Normally, each residential strata lot in that development will have one vote. Each non-residential strata lot may have a number of votes, depending on a formula in the law.

What is the strata council and what does it do?

The strata council is an elected group of strata owners or, in some cases, tenants. It is the board of directors of the strata corporation. Depending on a strata corporation’s bylaws, the strata council usually has 3 to 7 members. The term of council members ends at the end of the annual general meeting at which the new council is elected, but a council member is eligible for re-election. The council members may be removed from office by a resolution passed by a 75% vote cast in favour of removal at a meeting of owners. The strata council manages the corporation on a daily basis. In larger developments, the strata council may hire a professional management company to help manage the corporation.

Owner

The Strata Property Act defines the term owner. Generally, an owner is the person registered on title to the strata lot in the Land Title Office. For example, if a husband and wife together buy a strata lot, but only the wife goes on title at the Land Title Office, then only she is an owner under the Act.

Strata fees and special levies

Each year, a strata corporation creates an annual budget. To pay for expenses, the corporation charges proportionate strata fees to each strata lot owner based on the Schedule of Unit Entitlement. To set aside savings for repairs or long-term improvements in the development (for example, a new roof) the strata fees typically include an amount for the contingency reserve fund (the CRF). This is a strata corporation’s mandatory savings account to pay for unusual or extraordinary future expenses. Expenditures out of the reserve fund must be authorized by resolution except in emergencies.

A strata corporation may also raise funds at any time by passing a special levy if at least 3/4 of the owners approve it at a general meeting. If a special levy passes, each owner is responsible for paying a proportionate share of it.

If an owner does not pay monthly strata fees or special levies on time, the strata corporation may register a lien in the Land Title Office against their strata lot. Ultimately, the strata corporation may ask the court for an order to sell the owner’s strata lot to pay the amount owing under the lien.

Insurance

The strata corporation must insure the common property, common assets, any buildings shown on the strata plan and certain fixtures. The strata corporation must also carry liability insurance for property damage and bodily injury.

Strata lot owners need their own insurance for their personal property, for improvements to their strata lot, and liability to others for injury. Owners should also consider taking out extra insurance to cover the strata corporations's deductibles, which can be large. It is not uncommon that a strata's deductible for a water damage is $25,000.00 or higher.

What law applies to condominiums?

The Strata Property Act controls strata developments in BC. In addition, each strata corporation must have bylaws. They set out strata lot owners’ rights and responsibilities and control what the place will be like to live in. For example, bylaws may restrict the rental of residential strata lots. Bylaws may also restrict pets and certain age groups, such as children. Similarly, bylaws will likely require strata lot owners to get permission before making significant changes to their strata lot, such as moving walls or making plumbing or electrical changes.

A strata corporation may also have rules. Rules apply only to the use and enjoyment of common property and common assets. For example, a rule may limit the size of vehicles that may park in a common-property parkade, or restrict the hours when residents can use a common-property fitness centre.

A strata corporation may change its bylaws by 3/4 vote of the owners at a general meeting. When a by-law is made, amended or repealed, the corporation must register a copy of the by-law, amendment or repeal together with a certificate in the Land Title Office (check script 407, called "Buying a Condominium"). Until the copy and certificate are registered, the by-law is ineffective. A strata council may pass rules at any time, but any new rules must be ratified by a marority of the owners before or at the next AGM, otherwise they cease to be effective.

Renting out a condominium

If you plan to live in your strata lot, you may want the other owners to live in their units too. If so, you may want a strata corporation with a rental-restriction bylaw. But if you are buying a residential strata lot as an investment to rent out, you will not want any rental restrictions. A strata corporation may pass a bylaw that prohibits all residential rentals or limits the number or percentage of residential rentals, so check the bylaws carefully. If you do rent out your residential unit, choose your tenant carefully. The strata corporation can hold you responsible if your tenant breaks a bylaw or rule.

Depending on the legal situation, an owner may be allowed to rent their residential strata lot, despite a rental restriction bylaw. For example, sometimes a document called a rental disclosure statement (Form J) may let an owner rent a residential strata lot despite a rental restriction bylaw. If you plan to rely on a rental disclosure statement to rent out a residential strata lot, first have a lawyer review the document. In some cases, a rental disclosure statement exempts only the first owner of the strata lot from a rental restriction bylaw.

More information

• Check script 407, called “Buying a Condominium”.
• Check the Strata Property Act available at www.bclaws.ca. Click on “Statutes and Regulations” and then on “S” in the alphabetical list; scroll down to the name of the Act and click on it. You can also get a copy of the Act from Crown Publications in Victoria at 250.387.6409 or toll free at 1.800.663.6105. Its website is www.crownpub.bc.ca. Some libraries also have copies of BC laws. Make sure you also get a copy of any amendments to the Act and the Regulations.
• Study the bylaws and rules for any condo project you are interested in.
• The Financial Institutions Commission website—www.fic.gov.bc.ca—has information on the Act: click on “Strata Property”. But this information is not always up to date.
• Check the website of the Condominium Home Owners Association of BC at www.choa.bc.ca.
• The Condominium Manual by Mike Mangan is available at public libraries. It has a detailed explanation of condos. Its website (www.CondoManual.ca) also has temporary free access.

[updated September 2014]

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The testing of the claims in a court proceeding at a formal hearing before a judge with the jurisdiction to hear the proceeding. The parties present their evidence and arguments to the judge, who then makes a decision resolving the parties' claims against one another that is final and binding on the parties unless successfully appealed. See "action," "appeal," "argument," "claim," "evidence" and "jurisdiction."

In law, the re-examination of a term of an order or agreement, usually to determine whether the term remains fair and appropriate in light of the circumstances prevailing at the time of the review. In family law, particularly the review of an order or agreement provided for the payment of spousal support. See "de novo," "family law agreements," "order" and "spousal support."

Real property; a parcel of real property and the buildings upon it. See also "chattel," "ownership" and "possession."

A legal right to have and use a thing that is enforceable in court. See "possession."

Something which can be owned. See "chattels" and "real property."

A kind of co-ownership of property in which two or more owners have distinct, separate shares in the common property. A tenant in common may choose to sell or mortgage their share of the property independently from other owners. See "joint tenancy."

(1) The assertion of a legal right to an order or to a thing; (2) the remedy or relief sought by a party to a court proceeding.

In law, the making of a choice between two or more options.

In law, a document demonstrating ownership of a thing. See "ownership."

In law, (1) a lawyer's bill to their client or a statement, or (2) a person's recollection of events.

A mandatory direction of the court that is binding and enforceable upon the parties to a court proceeding. An "interim order" is a temporary order made following the hearing of an interim application. A "final order" is a permanent order, made following the trial of the court proceeding or the parties' settlement, following which the only recourse open to a dissatisfied party is to appeal. Failing to abide by the terms of an order may constitute contempt of court. See "appeal," "consent order," "contempt of court," "decision" and "declaration."

Chattels, goods, money; property other than real property. See "chattel" and "real property."

A step in a court proceeding in which each party advises the other of the documents in their possession which relate to the issues in the court proceeding and produces copies of any documents the other side requests before trial. This process is regulated by the rules of court, which put each party under an ongoing obligation to continue to advise the other of new documents coming into their possession or control. The purpose of this step is to encourage the settlement of court proceedings and to prevent a party from springing new evidence on the other party at trial.

A person licensed to practice law in a particular jurisdiction by that jurisdiction's law society. See "barrister and solicitor."

In law, (1) the federal and provincial governments and their departments and agencies, or (2) lawyers employed by the federal and provincial governments to prosecute criminal offences.

Under the old Divorce Act, the schedule of a parent's time with their children under an order or agreement, replaced with "parenting time" and "contact" in the new Divorce Act. Access usually referred to the schedule of the parent with the least amount of time with the child. See "contact," "custody" and "parenting time."