Enforcement of a Small Claims Judgment (20:XVII)

This information applies to British Columbia, Canada. Last reviewed for legal accuracy by the Law Students' Legal Advice Program on June 24, 2023.

A judgment is valid for 10 years (Limitation Act, RSBC 1996, c 266, s 3(3)(f)). During that time, a judgment creditor may use whatever means permitted by law to enforce the order (Court Order Enforcement Act, RSBC 1996, c 78). First, the successful party must fill out a payment order form (Form 10) and file it in the registry. Interest and expenses need to be included, and a plain piece of paper showing those calculations should be attached. Although it is called a “payment order”, the form is used even if no payment of money is ordered. There is space at the bottom of the form for a description of a non-monetary order. The registry will compare it with the court record for accuracy and it will then be signed and ready for pick-up or mailed within a day or two.

The judgment creditor should send a copy of the payment order with a demand letter to the debtor. If the court did not give the debtor a deadline, the judgment debt is due immediately (Court Order Enforcement Act, RSBC 1996, c 78, s 48(1)). The demand letter should warn that, if payment is not received by a certain date (i.e., 10 days later), other enforcement proceedings will be pursued.

The Small Claims Court has an excellent procedural guide entitled “Getting Results”. Once an enforcement strategy has been decided upon, a judgment creditor should consult the booklet for detailed instructions on how to commence enforcement proceedings.

To enforce payment, a creditor may use any of the following methods (SCR, Rule 11(11)):

A. Prohibition on Enforcement

While a debtor is in compliance with a payment schedule, the judgment creditor cannot take any additional steps to collect the debt (SCR, Rule 11(6)). If a payment hearing is ordered because the creditor did not agree with the debtor’s proposed payment schedule, the creditor may not take any steps to collect the debt before the hearing (SCR, Rule 11(8)). If a summons to a payment hearing is otherwise filed, the creditor may not attempt to collect the judgment debt until after the hearing is over or the summons is either withdrawn or canceled (SCR, Rule 11(17)).

If the debtor defaults on the payment schedule, the balance becomes due immediately and the creditor may then take other steps to collect the balance (SCR, Rule 11(14)).

The Small Claims Court may be unable to enforce a mediation agreement if doing so would exceed its jurisdiction. Other mediation agreements and the decisions of adjudicators in simplified trials can be enforced (Carter v Ghanbari, 2010 BCPC 266; Wood v Wong, 2011 BCSC 794).

It may not be possible to enforce a judgment against a debtor who has discharged the judgment debt in bankruptcy. A judgment creditor who learns that a judgment debtor plans to file for bankruptcy should review the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, RSC 1985, c B-3, s 178 and obtain independent legal advice.

B. Order for Seizure and Sale

An order for seizure and sale allows for personal property belonging to the debtor to be seized by a bailiff and sold at a public auction. Examples of personal property that can be seized include vehicles, furniture, and electronics. A personal judgment debtor (i.e., not a corporation) is entitled to retain certain personal property up to a certain value set by regulation (Court Order Enforcement Act, RSBC 1996, c 78: s 71(1); Court Order Enforcement Exemption Regulation, BC Reg 28/98, s 2).

The net proceeds (after deduction of the bailiff’s fees and expenses) are given to the judgment creditor. Once a judgment creditor has filed Form 11, the registrar can grant an order for seizure and sale if there is no payment schedule or if the debtor has not complied with a payment schedule (SCR, Rules 11(11)(a) and 11(14)(b)).

The debtor is not notified of the order prior to seizure. A seizure and sale is not carried out by the creditor and must be done by private bailiffs. Before an order is issued, the creditor must deposit the estimated fees and expenses of the bailiffs. An order for seizure and sale is valid for one year.

C. Garnishment After Judgment

Garnishment requires a third party, often the debtor’s employer or bank, to pay money owing to the debtor into court instead of to the debtor. The creditor must file an affidavit that describes the amount of the payment order, the amount still owing, and the name and address of the garnishee. The affidavit must be sworn before a notary, a lawyer, or a justice of the peace at the registry. Certain assets such as social assistance payments (welfare, disability) and joint accounts may not be garnished. With some exceptions, only 30 percent of the debtor’s salary can be garnished (Court Order Enforcement Act, RSBC 1996, c 78, ss 3(5)-(7)).

The creditor must also fill out a garnishing order identifying the garnishee (the bank or the employer) with its full legal name and address. In the case of a bank, the specific branch must be identified and must be located in British Columbia. The garnishee will pay the entire amount it owes the debtor (i.e., the positive balance in a bank account). The garnishing order does not freeze the account; the claimant may re-garnish the bank at any time.

Once the creditor receives a garnishing order, they must serve both the garnishee and the debtor either personally, or by registered mail requiring signature.

Once an order for garnished wages is served on the garnishee, the order is only valid for wages due and owing within seven days (Court Order Enforcement Act, RSBC 1996, c 78, s 1) – it is therefore critical to have some knowledge relating to the debtor’s pay schedule. If the garnishee owes money to the debtor, they must pay the amount owed to the court. All money paid into court is held until further order of the court.

A creditor may apply for the garnishment of a debtor’s bank account and accounts receivable before a judgment is reached. This is called a pre-judgment garnishing order. For more information, see Chapter 10, Section III.B.5.: Garnishment of Bank Accounts and Other Accounts Receivable.

D. Payment Hearing

A payment hearing may be scheduled before a judge or justice of the peace (SCR, Rule 12). The default method of appearance is by telephone or Teams audio or videoconference. The payment hearing will determine the debtor’s ability to pay and whether a payment schedule should be ordered (SCR, Rule 12(1)). Such a hearing may be requested by a creditor or debtor or ordered by a judge (SCR, Rule 12(2)). However, if a creditor has an order for seizure and sale, they must get the permission of a judge to also have a payment hearing. The debtor must bring records and evidence of income and assets, debts owed to and by the debtor, any assets the debtor has disposed of since the claim arose, and the means that the debtor has, or may have in the future, of paying the judgment (SCR, Rule 12(12)). Costs to the applicant in such a proceeding are added to the sum of the judgment.

A creditor who requests a hearing must file Form 12: Summons to a Payment Hearing. The registry will set a date on the form and the person named in the summons must be served personally at least seven days before the date of the hearing (SCRRules 12(7) and 18(12)(b)); service by mail is not permitted.

If the debtor is having difficulty paying, they can request a hearing by filing Form 13: Notice of Payment Hearing which must be served on the creditor at least seven days before the date of the hearing, but may be served by regular mail as long as it is mailed at least 21 days in advance of the hearing date (SCRRules 12(11), 18(12)(b), and 18(13)).

If a person who was properly summoned or ordered by the court to attend a payment hearing does not attend, the creditor may ask that the judge or justice of the peace issue a warrant (Form 9) arrest that person (SCR, Rule 12(15)).

If a creditor does not appear, the hearing may be held, canceled, or postponed (SCR, Rule 12(14)).

E. Driver’s Licence Suspension

If damages are a result of a motor vehicle accident involving property damage exceeding $400, bodily injury, or death (Motor Vehicle Act, s 91(1)), the creditor may apply to the Superintendent of Motor Vehicles within 30 days of the judgment to have the debtor’s driver’s license suspended. The Superintendent may suspend the license upon receiving the judgment.

F. Default Hearing

If the debtor does not comply with a payment schedule, the creditor may request a default hearing by filing Form 14: Summons to a Default Hearing. The creditor should request from the debtor the same documents as would be requested for a Payment Hearing. The summons must be served personally by either a court bailiff or a sheriff (i.e., not the creditor) at least seven days before the hearing (SCR, Rule 13(5)). The judge at the hearing may confirm or vary the terms of the payment schedule (Rule 13(7)) or imprison the debtor if the defendant does not appear or if the reason for failing to comply with the payment schedule amounts to contempt of court (Rules 13(8) and (9)).

The Registrar’s authority to waive fees extends only to registry services and not court bailiff or sheriff’s services. If a creditor cannot afford a court bailiff’s or the sheriff’s services, the claimant can complete an Application to a Judge seeking, pursuant to Rule 13(8), to hold the debtor in contempt and obtain a Warrant of Imprisonment to imprison the debtor for up to 20 days. This application can be served personally by the applicant to avoid the court bailiff’s or sheriff’s fees. If the creditor will testify at the hearing as to the debtor’s failure to comply with the payment schedule, an affidavit is not required.

G. Execution Against Land

If the debtor owns land in British Columbia, the creditor can register the judgment against the land (Land Title Act, RSBC 1996, c 250, ss 197 and 210). If you do not know whether the debtor owns the land, you can do a name search at the land title office, for a fee. If the property is sold or transferred after registration of the certificate of judgment, some or all of the judgment may be paid. Registering a certificate of judgment prevents the Debtor from selling or mortgaging the land unless the debt owed to the Creditor is paid off. Even if the Debtor owns land jointly with another person, it may be useful to register a certificate of judgment against the land. A certificate of judgment is subject to a prior registered mortgage and the rights of a bona fide purchaser who, before registration of the certificate of judgment, has acquired an interest in land in good faith and for valuable consideration under an instrument not registered at the time of the registration of the judgment (Court Order Enforcement Act, RSBC 1996, c 78, s 86).

Once the judgment is registered, the creditor may apply for an order to sell the property, but only through the Supreme Court of BC. It is outside the jurisdiction of the Provincial Court to order a lien to be placed or removed against the property. The process of having a Debtor’s land sold to pay off a debt owed to a creditor is very complicated, costly and time-consuming. For example, if the land is used by the Debtor as a principal residence in the Capital Regional District or the Greater Vancouver Regional District, and the Debtor’s equity in the land is less than $12,000 the land is exempt from being taken and sold. If the land is located elsewhere in BC and is used by the Debtor as a principal residence and the Debtor’s equity is less than $9,000 the land is exempt from being taken and sold (Court Order Enforcement Act, RSBC 1996, c 78, s 71.1). Because of this complicated process, legal advice should be obtained to determine whether it would be financially worthwhile to apply for an order to sell.

A certificate of judgment can be obtained at the Small Claims Court Registry from the Registrar. The cost is $30.00. The certificate of judgment can then be registered at the Land Title Office where the land is registered. The cost of filing the certificate of judgment at the Land Title Office is $25.00. The certificate is effective for two years. After the two years expires, a new certificate of judgment must be obtained and filed again.

H. Bankruptcy

If a person files a consumer proposal or becomes bankrupt, the law automatically puts in place a “stay of proceedings”. With a few exceptions, a stay prevents any legal action from being commenced or continued against the bankrupt party. The person’s trustee will send legal notice of the stay to any person or business currently engaged in legal action against the person declaring bankruptcy. The stay is also sent to the Court that is handling the person’s legal action and if a creditor has already obtained a judgment against the person, a copy is sent to debtor’s employer as well to stop the garnishee.

The Stay of Proceedings is only effective against debts that are dischargeable (i.e., can be eliminated) by bankruptcy law. Things like child support, spousal support, restitution orders, repayment of debts based on fraud or misrepresentation, and some others are not stopped by a stay. A complete list of the debts can be found under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, RSC 1985, c B-3, s 178.

There are ways for creditors to circumvent a Stay of Proceedings. However, individuals with a judgment awarded in Small Claims Court are advised to speak with a trustee and discuss the mechanism of submitting a proof of claim. This form must be filled out to share in the dividends and vote at the first meeting of creditors (if one is held). The form contains the name of the creditor and the bankrupt and the nature and amount of the claim, as well as other information. A list of instructions is usually included. You must attach a Statement of Account providing the details of the claim along with supporting documents or other evidence that establishes the validity of your claim.

I. Debt collection

Part 7 of the Business Practices and Consumer Protection Act (BPCPA) deals with debt collection practices and applies to all transactions, including consumer to consumer, business to consumer, and consumer to business. A collector is defined as “any person, whether in British Columbia or not, who is collecting or attempting to collect a debt”. Collectors should be aware of the prescriptions in this BPCPA because there are penalties and fines associated with violating the provisions. For example, Part 10 s 171 of the Act gives rise to a statutory cause of action in Provincial Court to recover damages caused by contraventions of the Act and also gives the Provincial Court jurisdiction for defamation and malicious prosecution.

J. Civil Resolution Tribunal

Under the Civil Resolution Tribunal Act, section 58.1, a CRT order may be enforced by filing it in the BC Provincial Court. This can be done if a party has either a consent resolution order, or a final decision. The BC Provincial Court must be provided with a validated copy of the order. A validated copy of a CRT order is sent with the CRT decision. Once a small claims order is received, it can be filed immediately. Effective from July 1st, 2022, the BC government amended the CRTA to remove a previously existing process for parties to dispute the decision by making a Notice of Objection. As such, the only remaining option to appeal CRT decisions now is through application for judicial review.

When a CRT order is filed with the BC Provincial Court, it has the same force and effect as if it were a judgment of the BC Provincial Court. The enforcement procedures are within the Court’s jurisdiction. That is, the CRT has no powers of enforcement for its own orders, or for orders from other tribunals such as the Residential Tenancy Branch.