Welfare Overpayments and Fraud (21:VII)

This information applies to British Columbia, Canada. Last reviewed for legal accuracy by the Law Students' Legal Advice Program on August 14, 2020.

A. What is a Welfare Overpayment?

If a person receives any form of welfare benefit or supplement that he or she is not entitled to, those benefits are considered to be an overpayment. Overpayments can range from a few dollars to tens of thousands of dollars. Many overpayments arise not out of fraud by the welfare recipient but rather out of an honest error on the part of either the recipient or the Ministry.

When a person has received an overpayment from the Ministry for any form of benefit under the welfare legislation, the overpayment is a debt owed to the Crown. According to EAA, ss 27-28 andEAPWDA, ss 18-19, the government may recover the debt by deducting funds from subsequent payments of income assistance or pursuing a court action.

NOTE: If a client faces a civil lawsuit for a welfare overpayment resulting from failure to provide complete or accurate information, refer him or her to a lawyer at the Community Legal Assistance Society.

B. Repayment Agreements and notifications of other Overpayments

The Ministry often asks people suspected of having received a welfare overpayment to sign a repayment agreement acknowledging the alleged debt. Before signing a repayment agreement, clients should ask to review the Ministry's evidence and its reasons for the determination that there is an overpayment and, if possible, get legal advice or help from an advocate. The Ministry can often make errors in its overpayment determinations. See the Ministry's policy on recoveries and overpayments at http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governments/policies-for-government/bcea-policy-and-procedure-manual/compliance-and-debt-management/recoveries

In many situations, it is advisable to not sign an acknowledgment. However, if the client does choose to sign an acknowledgment and repay the overpayment, repayment schedules can be negotiated for as low as $10 each month. The Ministry is not presently charging interest on repayments.

C. Appealing an Overpayment Decision

A welfare recipient can appeal a decision by the Ministry that he or she owes an overpayment. However, the Ministry’s decision about the amount of a person’s overpayment is not open to appeal (EAA, s 27(2) and EAPWDA, s 18(2)), although a person can apply for a reconsideration of the amount of an overpayment (for more on reconsiderations, see section IX below).

In Newfoundland (Social Services Appeal Board) v Butler, [1996] NJ No 91, the court held that the Ministry could not recover the monies paid out to Ms. Butler by mistake. Ms. Butler successfully used the defence of change of circumstance. The court held that because Ms. Butler had made expenditures that she would not otherwise have made without the overpayment, it would be unjust to force her to pay the Ministry back. Therefore, it may be that in similar situations, recipients of overpayments will not be obligated to repay social assistance for monies paid under a mistake of fact. Please note that in this case, Ms. Butler reported the income to the Ministry and the Ministry erred in not deducting it.

D. Welfare Fraud

Some overpayments result not out of an honest error, but rather out of a recipient’s knowing failure to provide the Ministry with accurate information about his or her eligibility.

Section 31 of the EAA and s 22 of the EAPWDA set out when a person is considered to have committed a statutory offence of welfare fraud. Welfare recipients can also be charged with fraud under the Criminal Code.

Where the Ministry receives information regarding potential fraud or non-disclosure, it will investigate and may take one or more of the following steps:

• refer to the Crown for charge approval under the Criminal Code, the EAA or the EAPWDA;
• take civil action to recover the overpayment;
• enter into a repayment agreement with the recipient;
• deduct the overpayment(s) from future benefits;
• or declare the person ineligible for assistance for three benefit months.

NOTE: If a client has been charged criminally with welfare fraud, refer him or her to the Legal Services Society to apply for a legal aid criminal lawyer.

© Copyright 2023, The Greater Vancouver Law Students' Legal Advice Society.