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→Gardner's Parental Alienation Syndrome: Updated URL for The Spectrum of Parental Alienation Syndrome (Part II)
===Gardner's Parental Alienation Syndrome===
In 1997, Dr. Deirdre Rand published an article called "[http://www.secuestro-emocionalfact.orgon.ca/Info/pas/randp2rand11.pdf htm The Spectrum of Parental Alienation Syndrome (Part II)]" in the American Journal of Forensic Psychology, summarizing and updating Dr. Gardner's theory. In that article, Dr. Rand describes PAS as the child's formation of an "alignment" with one parent against the other. Think of "alignment" as meaning an alliance, or a sense of allegiance, in which a child comes to share the views and emotions of one parent over those of the other parent.
A study by J.R. Johnston and L.E. Campbell in 1988 found a measurable degree of alignment between children and one parent in 35 to 40% of the high-conflict cases they studied. In a 1993 article in ''Children of Divorce who Refuse Visitation'', Johnston reported finding strong alignments in 28 to 43% of 9- to 12-year-olds in high-conflict cases, with another 29% showing symptoms of a mild alignment.