Difference between revisions of "Civil Claims and Family Violence"

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ivil law, on the other hand, in particular that branch of civil law called "tort law" (the word "tort" comes from the Latin word for "wrong"), deals with a person's offences against other people, such as personal injuries, motor vehicle accidents, negligence, assault and battery, trespass, and so forth.  
{{JP Boyd on Family Law TOC|expanded = violence}}{{JPBOFL Editor Badge
|ChapterEditors = [[Gayle Raphanel]] and [[Samantha Simpson]]
}}
==Civil claims for family violence==
The terms ''civil claims'' and ''tort claims'' are used interchangeably here. While most family law claims (e.g. claims for divorce, spousal support, division of property, etc.) are ''family law issues'' that are governed by legislation like the ''[[Divorce Act]]'' or the ''[[Family Law Act]]'', the right to sue someone for inflicting violence is its own claim in law. Claims for ''assault and battery'' are ''civil claims''/''tort claims'', and exist outside of the ''[[Family Law Act]]''.  


The legal definition of a tort is "a breach of a duty owed by someone to someone else which gives rise to a cause of action," like a duty not to hit someone, a duty to drive carefully, or a duty not to dig a hole in your lawn that someone might fall into. Generally speaking, these sort of civil offences aren't set out in laws the way that the rules against robbery or assault are set out in the ''Criminal Code''; they're creatures of the common law, the law that the courts have created.
Certainly, tort claims for abuse and violence can overlap with family law issues, but it helps to know that tort claims for abuse and violence arise independently from the ''[[Family Law Act'']] and its treatment of ''family violence''. The ''Family Law Act'' has its own definition of ''family violence'' (including non-physical forms), emphasizes its impact on decisions around the care of children, and provides specific mechanisms like protection orders that are discussed in the section of on [[Family Violence and the Family Law Act]] in this chapter.  


That explanation of the difference between criminal law and civil law was a bit technical. Another way of looking at it is through the example of O.J. Simpson. If you recall, O.J. was tried twice for the same basic issue. First, he was criminally tried for an alleged murder. Second, the family of the victim sued him in civil court for the alleged wrongful death of the victim.
==Brief introduction to tort law claims and damages==
The word ''tort'' comes from the Latin word for ''wrong'', and tort law deals with things like personal injuries, motor vehicle accidents, negligence, assault and battery, trespass, etc. The legal definition of a tort is "a breach of a duty owed by someone to someone else which gives rise to a cause of action," like a duty not to hit someone, a duty to drive carefully, or a duty not to dig a hole in your lawn that someone might fall into. Generally speaking, these sort of tort claims aren't spelled out in laws the way that the rules against robbery or assault are set out in the ''Criminal Code''. Tort claims are part of the ''common law'', the law that the courts (as opposed to the legislature) has created and maintained for hundreds of years.


Essentially, the criminal trial was because of O.J.'s alleged crime of killing someone contrary to the criminal law (a crime against the state) and the civil trial was because of his alleged tort offence against the family of the victim (a wrong against the family). The important point here is that the one thing O.J. was alleged to have done gave rise to both the criminal charges and the family's tort claim: two separate court proceedings, one in criminal court and one in civil court.  
If a claim for assault and battery is made in a family law claim, it will be treated by a judge as a ''tort law'' claim, and bring ''common law'' principles and rules into the case.


If you are punched by someone, for example, that person's conduct may result in both:
Tort claims are not like criminal charges where the court can punish the wrong-doer with jail or a criminal record. The remedy for a victim of family violence is primarily ''restorative'' or ''compensatory''. They would ask for an award of ''damages'' to make good the harm he or she suffered and its consequences. Damages are money payments and may be awarded for, among other things:


#a criminal prosecution, for a breach of the criminal law that makes it an offence to intentionally cause an injury to someone else, and
*pain and suffering resulting from the violence, sometimes just called general damages,
#a civil court proceeding, for a breach of the civil duty not to harm someone else, which may give you a cause of action in tort and allow you to sue the person who hit you for damages.
*loss of enjoyment of life as a result of the impact of the violence,
*past wages lost because of the violence,
*future wages lost because of some inability, illness or other impairment resulting from the violence; this is sometimes referred to as lost earning capacity;
*rehabilitation and job retraining <span class="noglossary">costs</span>, and
*past and future medical care expenses related to the injuries suffered from the violence.


Possible punishments for someone found criminally guilty include:
Damages can also be claimed as ''punitive damages'' or ''aggravated damages''. 


* fines,  
Aggravated damages are awarded when the wrongful act took place in humiliating or undignified circumstances or when the wrongful act was particularly horrendous. By law, aggravated damages are to be combined with general damages. Punitive damages are not intended as compensation to the victim, but rather are awarded when the wrongful act deserves additional punishment because it was of a "harsh, vindictive, reprehensible and malicious nature." They are an effort by the court to deter others from committing similar acts.
* a jail sentence,  
* both a fine and a jail sentence, or
* imposed terms or conditions, like a restraining order or a peace bond.


In contrast, the goal of civil law is compensation for the victim more so than punishment of the offender. Compensation is for the harm they suffered. Normally, this takes the form of ''damages'', a financial award intended to compensate for things like pain and suffering, lost wages, rehabilitation and medical expenses, and so forth. Damages are an attempt to provide monetary compensation for the harm suffered as a result of the wrongful act.
The most common tort claim in situations of family violence is a claim based on ''assault and battery''. ''Assault'' technically means wrongfully threatening to harm someone. ''Battery'' means wrongfully attacking and harming someone. Assault and battery can include sexual assault, and a spouse can make a tort claim against their former spouse for sexual assault.
 
==Starting a civil claim==
A tort claim must be made by the person who has suffered the family violence. In family law proceedings, tort claims are usually included with the ''other'' relief asked for in the [[Form F3 Notice of Family Claim]] or [[Form F5 Counterclaim]]. Although a tort claim can be made on its own, without claims for things like divorce, parenting arrangements, and so forth, if you want to make a claim in tort as well as other family law claims, it is very important to include all your claims in one proceeding because otherwise you might not be permitted to bring the tort claim separately at a later date.
 
Tort claims can only be heard by the Supreme Court. The Provincial Court does not have the jurisdiction to deal with tort claims.
 
===The challenges of tort claims===
 
This discussion is not meant to discourage persons who have suffered family violence from making tort claims for damages resulting from family violence. It is only meant to bring to readers' attentions the difficulties that can sometimes accompany tort claims relating to family violence. Notwithstanding these difficulties, it can be empowering and liberating for a victimized spouse to hold an abusive spouse accountable for family violence and see justice done. If you have been sexually and/or physically assaulted, you should talk to a lawyer who is experienced in handling such claims and seek advice.
 
The first drawback of a tort claim is that you will, in all likelihood, have to hire a lawyer if you want to make a claim in tort against your spouse.  The law governing tort claims is not set out in a statute, like the ''[[Family Law Act]]'' or the ''[http://canlii.ca/t/8487 Negligence Act]'', it's mostly based on the common law. In order to succeed in your claim, you will have to prove that the assault or sexual assault took place, and that injuries resulted. It is often quite complicated to prove injuries, especially where they are mainly psychological or emotional.
 
Lawyers, of course, are expensive. While you may get some of your legal costs awarded to you if you're successful, that only happens at the end of the day after you've already paid a few months' or a few years' worth of bills. Lawyers who practise family law do not work on a contingency basis where they get paid out of the client's award. They charge by the hour.
 
Secondly, even if you're successful, your spouse must have some money or other assets from which he or she can pay your damages if you win. It's no good to spend tens of thousands of dollars on legal fees and win only to find that your spouse has no way to pay your award. This is called a ''dry judgment''.
 
Note, however, that courts have factored damages for assault and battery into the calculation of who gets what when it comes to division of assets. In ''[http://canlii.ca/t/1f56v Megeval v. Megeval]'', 1997 CanLII 3721 (BCSC), a tort claim was made in the same proceeding as a division of property claim. The court divided the family property equally between the parties, but awarded Mrs. Megeval $139,150 in damages for injuries resulting from assault. This amount was paid from Mr. Megeval’s share of the family property.
 
A third drawback to making a tort claim is you will have to testify about the family violence and the effect it had on you in a very open, honest and personal manner. You will have to disclose your medical and counselling records, if there are any. You may also have to submit to medical and psychological examinations, both to prove your claim and sometimes by an independent expert appointed by your ex-partner.
 
===Limitation periods===
There is not likely any limitation period that applies to violence between spouses or parents and children.
 
A ''limitation period'' is a deadline by which a claim must be made and an action started. If there is an applicable limitation period, once it is expired you cannot make the claim. For assaults involving people whose relationship is not "personal" or one of "dependency", the limitation period is generally two years after the incident.
 
Under (s. 3 (1)) of the provincial ''[http://canlii.ca/t/8qx3 Limitation Act]'' there is no limitation period to claims based on sexual misconduct.
 
Similarly, there is no limitation period on claims relating to non-sexual assault if the claimant was a minor or living in a personal or dependency relationship (s. 3 (i) (k)).
 
===Awards===
 
The amount of the damages that a court may award for tort claims based on family violence always depends on the circumstances. It is important to get legal advice to decide whether or not making such a claim is economically worthwhile in your particular circumstances. The range of outcomes is very wide and many factors go into a judge’s assessment of the appropriate award but here are some awards that the courts have made for assault and battery in a family context:
 
* In ''[http://canlii.ca/t/g2h5c A.M. v. S.O.], 2014 BCSC 4 physical assault in the form of an open-handed blow to the head resulted in $20,000 for general damages.
* In ''[http://canlii.ca/t/fsxwh Bird v. Kohl]'', 2012 BCSC 1424 the serious shoulder fracture, concussion, lacerations and scarring that resulted from repeated strikes with a shovel handle amounted to $75,000 for general damages, $15,000 for aggravated damages, $40,000 for lost wages and $25,000 for lost earning capacity.
* In ''[http://canlii.ca/t/fwktw Constantini v. Constantini,]'' 2013 ONSC 1626 verbal abuse during the relationship and pre-meditated break-in and aggressive assault post-separation did not produce permanent disability but it did result in post-traumatic stress disorder. $15,000 was awarded for general and aggravated damages.
* In ''[http://canlii.ca/t/fs8l9 D.G. v. R.M.]'', 2012 SKQB 296 a single instance of “horrific” sexual assault including striking, kicking and biting. $35,000 was awarded for general damages.
* In ''[http://canlii.ca/t/1k2jm Gould v. Sandau]'' 2005 BCCA 190, the trial judge awarded $2,500 for an assault that broke a hand.
* In ''[http://canlii.ca/t/1f56v Megeval v. Megeval],'' 1997 CanLII 3721 (BCSC) assault causing permanent disability resulted in $45,000 for the injury, $66,000 for lost wages and retraining, $2,500 for medical care and $5,000 in punitive damages.
* In ''N.C. v. W.R.B.'' [1999] O.J. No. 3633 (Ont. S.C.J.) multiple instances of sexual, physical verbal and emotional abuse that caused post-traumatic stress disorder was awarded $65,000 for general damages and $25,000 for aggravated damages.
* In ''[http://canlii.ca/t/fps0x Shaw v. Brunelle]'', 2012 ONSC 590 a serious wrist fracture resulting from physical ejection from the home resulted in $65,000 for general and aggravated damages, $25,000 for lost earning capacity, and an unspecified amount for cost of future care.
 
These cases have been included only to give you a general idea of how the courts have treated tort claims based on family violence in the past. You should not rely on these cases to fix a dollar amount to your claim – seek legal advice from a lawyer with experience in this area.
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